\documentclass{beamer}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{comment}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{natbib}
\usepackage[dvips]{rotating}
\usepackage{url}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{subfigure}
\usepackage{ragged2e}
\usepackage[justification=centering]{caption}[2007/12/23] 
\usetheme{Boadilla}

\newcounter{saveenumi}
\newcommand{\seti}{\setcounter{saveenumi}{\value{enumi}}}
\newcommand{\conti}{\setcounter{enumi}{\value{saveenumi}}}

\resetcounteronoverlays{saveenumi}

\begin{comment}
Please include the following acknowledgements in any reproductions of this material.
Source document: Kevin A. Bryan and Heidi L. Williams, 2021. 
Figure #: © .  All rights reserved. [Citation with link to source]
Table #: © .  All rights reserved. [Citation with link to source]
\end{comment}

\title[]{Innovation: Market Failures and Public Policies} 
\subtitle{Lecture 9: Wrap-up \vspace{3cm}}
\institute[]{\justifying The material covered in these slides is drawn from: Bryan, Kevin and Heidi Williams (2021) "Innovation: Market Failures and Public Policies," Chapter 13 in the \emph{Handbook of Industrial Organization Volume 4}, edited by Kate Ho, Ali Hortacsu, and Alessandro Lizzeri.}
\date{} 

\graphicspath{{graphics/}}

\begin{document}
	
\frame{\titlepage}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Summary of issues}

In the 60+ years since the 1962 NBER Rate and Direction meeting, the problems identified by early economists of innovation remain at the core of the field

\vspace{3mm}

\begin{itemize}
    \item How do we deal with fixed costs, knowledge spillovers, and unhedged uncertainty that combine to make innovation, and hence growth, suboptimal in laissez faire?
    \item Which non-market policies can help science function more efficiently?
    \item Which market policies lower the cost or increase the return to R\&D?
    \item How should we smooth the frictions in diffusion?
    \item How can we avoid harmful effects of innovation on inequality, and vice versa?
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Mapping a way forward}
    
Continued progress on understanding the effects of innovation policy relies on developments in three areas:
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Better measurement of the ``paper trail'' of knowledge
    \item Advances in statistical identification and productivity measurement
    \item Theoretical advances to help guide empirical investigations
\end{enumerate}

\vspace{6mm}

It is hard to overstate the importance of progress on these problems.  Innovation is the tool which allows society to escape the bonds of scarcity. Without being constrained by scarce resources, our most fundamental challenges - poverty, climate change, inequality - are solvable.

\end{frame}

\end{document}